高考英語閱讀理解專題（四）猜測詞義
這類題包括猜測單詞、短語、句子的意思和判斷指代內(nèi)容。
【常見的提問方式】：
The word “ ” in paragraph can best be replaced by
The underlined word “ ” most probably means
By saying “ ”, the author means
The expression “ ” is closest to
According to the passage, the phrase “ ” suggests
The underlined part “ ” (in Para ) means .
【猜詞技巧】：
一、通過定義、解釋來推測詞義。
【例 如】：
1. Anthropology is the scientific study of man. 根據(jù)解釋可知anthropology就是“研究人類的科學”?
【高考示例】：
10.Throughout the history of the arts，the nature of creativity has remained constant to artists．No matter what objects they select，artists are to bring forth new forces and forms that cause change-to find poetry where no one has ever seen or experienced it before．
The underlined word “poetry” most probably means .
A .an object for artistic creation B. a collection of poems
C. an unusual quality D .a natural scene
由where no one has ever seen or experienced it before可知poetry是指“一種不同尋常的品質(zhì)”。答案C。
【歸納】：文中某些生詞的詞義，在下文中有解釋或說明：或以定義?定語從句?同位語的形式出現(xiàn); 或用逗號、破折號、冒號、分號、引號和括號等。標志詞（短語）有：that is （to say）, or, similarly, stand for, in other words，namely, or other, say, i.e. 以及be, mean, deal with, be considered, to be, be called, be known as,define, represent, refer to, signify 等。
二、通過下文的例子猜詞義 。
【例如】：: 1.Generally, we like to read periodicals, such as Time Magazine, Newsweek, Reader's Digest, etc. 根據(jù)例子,可推出periodical的意思是“期刊”?
【歸納】：常由such as，like，for example，for instance ，similarly, like, just as, also, as well as等連詞列舉。
三? 根據(jù)詞語之間的對等關系猜詞義
【例如】：The hot tropical weather created a feeling of lassitude and encouraged laziness.
這個句中的and連接created a feeling of lassitude和encouraged laziness兩個并列成分? Created與encouraged相對應,而lassitude與laziness相對應,由此可猜出lassitude是“困乏”、“無力”?“無精打采”等意思?
【歸納】：其標志詞：and, or, still等。
四? 根據(jù)對比?轉(zhuǎn)折關系猜詞義
【例如】：
1.If you agree, write “Yes”; if you dissent, write “No”. 根據(jù)前后對比，可以推斷出dissent與agree的意思相反,意為“不同意”?“不贊成”?
【高考示例】：
2.The house looked quite normal outside，but inside it was very exotic with fascinating objects on display．
Which of the definitions is closest in meaning to the word “exotic” in the third paragraph?
A. Messy and untidy． B. Rich and expensive．
C．Comfortable and calming． D．Foreign and unusual．
思路點撥：由文章第三段第一句話中的“but”轉(zhuǎn)折詞，可知前后意思形成對比，再根據(jù)“fascinating objects on display”可推斷出來。答案D。
【歸納】：表示對比、轉(zhuǎn)折關系的詞（短語）有：but，unlike, not, however, though, otherwise, neverthess, while，（on the one hand…）on the other hand，for one thing…for another ，despite, in spite of, in contrast ，instead of, rather than和眾多反義詞。
五? 根據(jù)因果關系猜詞義
【例如】：
1.Mary didn't notice me when I came into the classroom, because she was completely engrossed in his reading. 主句 “當我走進教室的時候,瑪麗沒有注意到我”?據(jù)此,可推斷從句中的engross是“使全神貫注”?“吸引”的意思?
【高考示例】：
2.I thought to myself that we adults usually make a big“ to do” over the younger one because she is the one who seems more easily hurt．We do it with the best of intentions．
The underlined expression make a big“ to do” over means…
A. show much concern about B. have a special effect on
C．1istjobs to be done for D．do good things for
點撥：答案A。由“我”的較大的孩子對客人的評價的反應可知，我們成年人往往更多地關注較小的孩子，因為她更容易受到傷害，而沒有意識到這種關注可能會傷害較大孩子的感情。句中make a big“to do”over the younger one是指“更關注更小的孩子”。
【歸納】：表示因果關系的詞有：because, so that，since, as, so, so／such…that… 等?
六?根據(jù)同義、近義、并列、替代、說明等關系猜測詞義
【例如】：
1.Although he often had the opportunity, Mr Tritt was never able to steal money from a customer. This would have endangered his position at the bank, and he did not want to be detrimental to your health. They also regard drinking as harmful. 由harmful我們可推出detrimental詞義為“使危險的”?“有害的”?
【歸納】：在句子或段落中,我們可以利用已知的詞語,推斷出生詞的詞義?引出同義詞的標志性詞語：similarly, like, just as, also, as well等。
七? 根據(jù)構(gòu)詞法猜測詞義
【例如】：
根據(jù)詞根conscious(清醒的，有意識的)，前綴semi(半，部分的，不完全的), 可猜出semiconscious的詞義是“半清醒的，半昏迷的”。
【高考示例】：
As you are receiving my note by E-mail, it's wise to remember how easily this wonderful technology can be misused, sometimes unintentionally, with serious consequences. 此句中, misuse是在詞根use前面加上前綴mis-而構(gòu)成的, mis-表示“誤”?“錯”的意思,從而可判斷misuse意為“錯用”?“誤用”; unintentionally是由intention→intentional→intentionally→
unintionally逐步派生而成的,從而推出它的意思為“不是有意地”?
（一）. 根據(jù)前綴猜測詞義
【練習】：把劃線部分詞匯的中文含義寫在括號里或選擇。
1. unforeseeable,詞根為see, 前綴fore-是“早先”?“預先”,前綴un-是“不”,所以可以猜知unforeseeable是“未能預見的”?
2.（05江西）Do you have any strong opinion on co-educational or single-sex schools? （ ）
（二）. 根據(jù)后綴猜測詞義
【練習】：把劃線部分詞匯的中文含義寫在括號里或選擇。
1.Insecticide is applied where it is needed. （ ）
2.Then the vapor may change into droplets. （ ）
3.（05 廣東）It's a quiet, comfortable hotel overlooking (俯瞰) the bay in an uncommercialized Cornish fishing village on England's most southerly point．（ ）
4.'Our parties are aimed for children 2 to 10,' Anaclerio said, 'and they're very interactive and creative in that they built a sense of drama based on a subject.' （ ）
【歸納】：常見詞綴：super(超), inter(在……之間), able(能……的), mini(極少的，微型的)，micro(極微小的), re(再，反復), sub(分支的，底下), co(共同), post(后), pre(前), trans(超越；轉(zhuǎn)換), under(在……之下；低于……；不足), hood(狀態(tài)；性質(zhì)；時期), ish(如……的；有點兒……的); proof(防……的；……不能穿透的), scope(景), ship(身份；資格；權(quán)力；性質(zhì)), some(易于……的), wards(向), mis(誤；惡), un(不；非), in(不；非), im(不； 非), dis(不), non (不；非)，less(不；無), anti(反；防), sino(中國)。如： He fell into a ditch and lay there, semiconscious,_for a few minutes.
（三）利用詞性轉(zhuǎn)化猜測詞義
【例如】：
The aging of the population will affect American society in many ways-education, medicine, and business.
The underlined work “aging” means ______.
A. counting the number of years someone lives B. the numbers of years someone lives
C. becoming older D. making someone looking older
【分析】：答案為C。age作名詞用時是“年齡”的意思，此處作動詞用，意思是“老化”。
八? 根據(jù)復合詞的各個組成部分的意思猜詞義 。
【例如】：1.Growing economic problems were highlighted by a slowdown in oil output. 句中hightlight是由high “高的”?“強的”和light “光線”組成的,所以hightlight是“以強光照射”?“使突出”的意思?
九? 根據(jù)日常常識來猜詞義
【例如】：
1.People who refuse to comply with the law will be punished. 受到懲罰的常常是不遵守法律的人?由此推斷出comply是“遵從”?“服從”?
【高考示例】：
2.Shopkeepers in Modbury，population 1 500，agreed to stop handing out disposable plastic bags to customers on Saturday．They said paper sacks and cloth carrier bags would be offered instead．
The underlined word“disposable’’in the passage probably means…
A acceptable B．Valuable C throw-away D．long-lasting
點撥：答案C。由文章第二段可知，Modbury的店主都同意停止向顧客分發(fā)一次性袋子。可知，劃線單詞disposable意為“一次性的，用完即扔的”，故選throw-away。
【歸納】：利用上下文語境，結(jié)合自身生活經(jīng)驗進行邏輯推理。
十、利用文義及邏輯關系來猜詞義
【高考示例】：
1.Born in Chicago in 1902，brought up and schooled in Nebraska，the 1 9-year-old college graduate Ralph Tyler became hooked on teaching while teaching as a science teacher in South Dakota and changed his major from medicine to education．
The words“hooked on teaching”underlined in Paragraph 2 probably mean__________．
A. attracted to teaching B．tired of teaching
C．satisfied with teaching D．unhappy about teaching
點撥：答案A。由后文“changed his major from medicine to education'’可知Tyler對教學產(chǎn)生了興趣。
【歸納】：理清生詞前后文義，分析前后文的邏輯關系，是遞進、轉(zhuǎn)折，還是并列。
十一、利用熟詞的新詞性來抽象詞義
【高考示例】：
1.However obvious these facts may appear at first glance，they are actually not SO obvious as they seem except when we take special pains to think about the subject．
In Paragraph 3，“take special pains”probably means…
A. try very hard B. take our time C .are very unhappy D. feel especially painful
點撥：答案A。從上文中的“they are actually not so obvious as they seem”及文中的except可知，take special pains與該句語意應相反，可得出答案A正確。take pains to do sth． “費力去做某事”。
【歸納】：理解原詞的基礎上，分析它的新詞性，結(jié)合原詞含義發(fā)揮合理想象，概括它的新詞義。
十二、根據(jù)上下文的指代關系, 判斷指代內(nèi)容
根據(jù)語境判斷代詞(this, that，it，they，them，one等)或代動詞(do，does, did等)究竟指代什么。題干中通常含有refer to。此類題在廣東近七年高考中沒有考過。
一般說來，代詞的指代內(nèi)容大多在它的前一句中，或者前幾個句子中，有時也在它的后一句中。找到指代的內(nèi)容后把它放在這個代詞的位置上，看一看這句話是否合理，與前后的內(nèi)容是否一致，然后再判定它是否為正確答案。
【例如】：
1. However, the question that 'moon people' asked is still an interesting one. A growing number of scientists are seriously thinking about it.
首先，it指上句中的the question，而the question又指上一段中“月球人”所提的問題，所以要經(jīng)過兩次查找才能選出答案。
【歸納】：文中的代詞it，that，he，him或them可指上文提到的人或物，其中it 指代單數(shù)名詞(單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞或不可數(shù)名詞)，或一個句子；they指代復數(shù)名詞主格；them指代復數(shù)名詞賓格；one指代單可數(shù)名詞等。正確答案應在意義(主要指語法搭配)上和邏輯(主要指思想內(nèi)容)上都通順。
