2018高考英語閱讀理解詞義猜測題專題突破
Step1猜測詞義常見設(shè)問方式
1.Which of the following is the nearest in meaning to “ ’’?
2.What does the author probably mean by “ ’’?
3.The word “ ’’ in the contest means _____.
4.The term can be best replaced by _____.
5.The word “ ’’ probably refers to ____.
6.As used in the line … the word “ ’’ refers to ______.
7.According to the passage, the word “ ’’ is known as_____.
8.The passage use the word “ ’’ to refer to ____
9.According to the author, the underlined word “ ’’ means____.
10.From the context/ passage, we can infer that the word “ ’’ means _____.
在詞義猜測題中，有些詞匯并非生詞，只需要根據(jù)上下文去推測它應(yīng)在文章中的具體含義，或找出其指代對象。做這類題，應(yīng)仔細閱讀出現(xiàn)該詞的上下文，文章中往往會對這類詞或短語進行重復(fù)解釋或概括歸納。因此答案往往可從文章中找出或推測出。
Step2.方法探究
1. Charlotte’s tale was inspired by the girls’ coin collection. “We’ve collected foreign coins for years-since our families went on holiday to Tenerife,” she explains. “That was before the Euro, so we put pesetas in.”
The underlined word “pesetas” in Paragraph 2 is a kind of _______.
A. story B. collection C. inspiration D. foreign coin
2. Today when many tend to worry more about their own happiness, Houng’s deeds remind us of what we usually neglect: love and care for others. Without these, none of us could survive. Houng turned down donations from others. He said he felt encouraged by kind offers, but he could depend on his own work.
The underlined word “donation” in Para.3 probably means ______.
A. invitation to give a speech B. something, especially given to help others
C. questions asked by interviewers D. chances to be a hero
【思考歸納】這兩道題你是如何得出答案的？從中你有什么啟發(fā)和收獲？跟大家分享一下。
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3. The elder learn to master the Internet and to overcome what Lansdale calls the maladies of the institutionalized: loneliness, helplessness, boredom, and lose of memory.
4. Some ships carried cargo such as coal, oil and military supplies (軍用物資),while others carried only passengers.
5. Scientists grow large quantities of common mould (霉菌)so that they can get penicillin from it in order to make antibiotics, that is, substances that kill germs.
6. Marine biology, the study of oceanic plants and animals and their relation, has furthered the efficient development of fisheries.
7. Yet, shopkeepers may have to spend extra hours to deal with problems, such as shoplifter, who always takes away things from the shop without paying for them.
【思考歸納】這幾道題你是如何得出答案的？從中你有什么啟發(fā)和收獲？跟大家分享一下。
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8. Tom is considered an autocratic administrator because he makes decisions without seeking the opinions of others.
From the passage, we can infer that the word “autocratic’’ means ______
A. friendly to others B. modest and kindly
C. sticking to one’s own opinion D. hard-working
9. Answer the following questions by using the information taken from a dictionary page.
jazz: 1. n. a type of music that originated in New Orleans and is characterized by rhythmic beats. 2. n. popular dance music influenced by jazz. 3. n. slang. Empty talk. 4. adj. of or like jazz; a jazz band, jazz records.
What does the word “jazz” mean in the following sentence?
Don’t give me that jazz, for I am a practical person.
A. Rhythmic beats. B. A type of music. C. A kind of dance. D. Meaningless talk.
【思考歸納】這兩道題你是如何得出答案的？從中你有什么啟發(fā)和收獲？跟大家分享一下。
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10. “Unlike vitamin C, leadership skills can’t be easily swallowed down. They must be carefully cultivated.”
The underlined word “cultivated” (Paragraph 1) roughly means ______.
A. encouraged B. compared C. examined D. developed
11. Written language tends to be static, while spoken language constantly changes.
According to the author, the underlined word static means ______.
A. unchangeable B. inactive C. respective D. widespread
12. Unlike the Unite States where many different nationalities make up the population,Japan’s population is quite homogeneous.
【思考歸納】這三道題你是如何得出答案的？從中你有什么啟發(fā)和收獲？跟大家分享一下。
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13. Millions of animals die each year on US roads, the Federal Highway administration reports. In fact, only about 80 ocelots, an endangered wild cat exist in theUStoday. The main reason? Roadkill.
14. Mansion, church, battle site, theatre and other public halls can be preserved.
【思考歸納】這道題你是如何得出答案的？從中你有什么啟發(fā)和收獲？跟大家分享一下。
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15. You can take any of the periodicals: The World of English, Foreign Language Teaching in School, of English learning.
16. Many United nations employees are polyglots: Mr. Simpson, for example, speaks five languages fluently.
【思考歸納】這兩道題你是如何得出答案的？從中你有什么啟發(fā)和收獲？跟大家分享一下。
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17. Exhibition officials said that a person bitten by one of these snakes would need at least 80 ml of an anti-poison medicine to be saved.
18. Although simplified Chinese characters were accepted for use many years ago, it seems that more and more people like Chinese characters in the complex form.
【思考歸納】這兩道題你是如何得出答案的？從中你有什么啟發(fā)和收獲？跟大家分享一下。
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19. 下題中劃線的詞可換為：
New York, 10 November, 5:27 p.m., yesterday. Biggest power failure in the city’s history.
A. enough B. not passing C. lack of D. lack
【思考歸納】這道題你是如何得出答案的？從中你有什么啟發(fā)和收獲？跟大家分享一下。
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20. Rainforests like the Amazon are important for mopping up CO2 from the atmosphere and helping to slow global warming.
The underlined phrase “mopping up ” in the second paragraph means _______.
A. cleaning up B. taking in C. wiping out D. giving up
21. She walked quietly to the small room by the lift and took a mop. She pushed past the desk and as the nurse looked up. Mum nodded and said, “Very dirty floor.”
【思考歸納】這兩道題你是如何得出答案的？從中你有什么啟發(fā)和收獲？跟大家分享一下。
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22. The most important reason for such a visit is to realize how our ancestors battled nature with the basic tools they had.
23. The aging of the population will affect American society in many ways-education, medicine, and business.
The underlined work “aging” means ______.
A. counting the number of years someone lives
B. the numbers of years someone lives
C. becoming older
D. making someone looking older
【思考歸納】這兩道題你是如何得出答案的？從中你有什么啟發(fā)和收獲？跟大家分享一下。
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解題指導(dǎo)
在詞義猜測題中，有些詞匯并非生詞，只需要根據(jù)上下文去推測它應(yīng)在文章中的具體含義，或找出其指代對象。做這類題，應(yīng)仔細閱讀出現(xiàn)該詞的上下文，文章中往往會對這類詞或短語進行重復(fù)解釋或概括歸納。因此答案往往可從文章中找出或推測出。
〖猜測詞義第一招〗利用上下文語境線索
任何一篇文中的句子在內(nèi)容上都不是絕對孤立的，都跟句子所在的段落及整篇文章有關(guān)。利用上下文提供的情景和線索，進行合乎邏輯的綜合分析進而推測詞義，是閱讀過程中的一大關(guān)鍵，這也是近年來高考考查的熱點。
〖第二招〗利用定義和解釋性線索
閱讀文中的有些生詞尤其是新聞報導(dǎo)及科普類文章中的生詞，往往在其后有對該詞進行解釋說明性的短語或句子，如to be, that is, mean, stand for, namely, to refer to, to mean, in other words等，有時也以同位語、定語從句的形式出現(xiàn)，或用破折號、括弧來表示。留心閱讀就可以斷定它們的意思。
〖第三招〗根據(jù)邏輯關(guān)系進行判斷。英語中句與句之間在語意上往往存在一些邏輯關(guān)系，如因果、對比、并列、轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系等。
因果關(guān)系的語境，通常由because, so ,therefore, so that, so / such… that… 等連詞體現(xiàn)。
〖第四招〗利用對比線索
有時文章作者為了增強表達效果，會用一對反義詞揭示事物的不同點，形成鮮明的對比，這時只要把握其中的一詞，就不難推出另一詞的含義，這時句中多見unlike; although; but; yet; while; on the contrary; on the other hand; for one thing; for another; instead of; rather than等信息詞。
〖第五招〗利用同義線索和同等關(guān)系
同義詞替換可以為我們推測詞義提供明顯的語境線索。一些常見的引出同義詞的標志性詞語有 or, like, similarly等。同等關(guān)系是指一個詞、一組詞或短語在句中作同一成分，而且他們的詞義屬一范疇。只要我們認識其中一個或幾個詞或短語，即可確定同等關(guān)系中生詞的詞性，作用和大概意思。
〖第六招〗利用例證性線索
某些冷僻的詞匯后會舉一個例子，使詞匯具體易懂。such as, like, for example, for instance等連接性詞語往往用來列舉說明前面較難理解的名詞。
〖第七招〗根據(jù)構(gòu)詞法
閱讀中常會遇到一些由所熟悉的單詞派生或合成的新詞，可利用構(gòu)詞法知識來推測其意思?！督虒W(xué)大綱》已經(jīng)明確地將構(gòu)詞法列在語法附表中，因此利用所學(xué)構(gòu)詞法生成的詞不應(yīng)被認定為生詞。
〖第八招〗注意熟詞生義
英語中大量的詞匯具有多義性，其含義并非完全等同于詞典所標注的漢語意思，具體的詞義需要在一定的上下文中體現(xiàn)出來。閱讀理解中的熟悉詞生義比生詞本身的障礙要大得多。原因有三：其一，高考對生詞的數(shù)量有量的規(guī)定，不得超過3%；其二，熟悉詞生義很容易引起考生的誤解；其三，熟悉詞生義的數(shù)量沒有限制。如果這種現(xiàn)象在一篇文章中出現(xiàn)得多，那就更難理解了。
〖第九招〗根據(jù)常識或經(jīng)驗猜測詞義
在閱讀中碰到生詞時，我們有時可以運用邏輯推理能力、自身的生活經(jīng)驗及生活常識去推斷生詞的含義。當(dāng)然也要結(jié)合語境。
〖第十招〗
根據(jù)詞性轉(zhuǎn)化，猜測它在語境中的詞義
題目參考答案
1.D 2.B 3.老年綜合癥 4 goods 5.抗生素 6 海洋生物學(xué) 7 商店里偷竊的人 8 C 9D 10D 11A 12單一的 13虎貓an endangered wild cat
14教堂other public halls can 15期刊 16 會多國語言的人
17抗毒 18簡化的 19D 20B 21拖把 22作斗爭 23C
