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| 語言學(xué)有一個基本的觀點(diǎn)，就是英語講究邏輯，漢語講究感覺；再有一個說法，叫做英語是形合，漢語是意合。歸結(jié)起來就是：英語特別講究邏輯，而且會有鮮明的形式也就是豐富的詞匯來表達(dá)各種各樣的邏輯關(guān)系，而不像漢語一樣“運(yùn)用之妙，存乎一心”。 從實(shí)戰(zhàn)來看，邏輯詞也是必備的詞匯。因?yàn)橐痪渲械倪壿嬯P(guān)系如果清楚，可以推斷詞義，諸如“我很丑，可是……”，后面大致可以想見；同理，句子間的邏輯關(guān)系明白，可以推斷句義。所以邏輯詞，實(shí)在是我們的貼心小棉襖。閱讀中見到邏輯中，要感覺如同見到了組織與親人。 茲總結(jié)如下，并對要點(diǎn)略加解說?；疽饬x或用法不明者，可查普通詞典。 I．時間：since, ever since, from then on, soon after, afterward, until, in the meantime, meanwhile, at the same time, simultaneously II．列舉：對一類事物舉出具體的例子。通常表現(xiàn)為前面是復(fù)數(shù)或者抽象的概念，后面是這個概念中的一個或幾個事物。 firstly, secondly…, finally; next, last；for example/instance, such as；some…others…still others；for one thing, for the other 邪說： 一、區(qū)分for instance/example和such as. 前者往往是舉“事”（做什么或誰做什么），后者是舉“物”（什么東西）；舉事往往與前文用逗號分開，甚至另起一句再排陣勢；舉物則多結(jié)合在一起，當(dāng)然也可分開。 The government is to ban payments to witnesses by newspapers seeking to buy up people involved in prominent cases 31 the trial of Rosemary West. However, the typical teenage lifestyle is already filled with so much competition that it would be wise to plan activities in which there are more winners than losers, 28 , publishing newsletters with many student-written book reviews, displaying student artwork, and sponsoring book discussion clubs. 28. A. in effect B. as a result C. for example D. in a sense 題解：前為復(fù)數(shù)activities活動，后為對活動的列舉，與前文逗號分開，且為“事”（做什么），故C。 The brain finds it best to keep smell receptors available for unfamiliar and emergency signals 20 the smell of smoke, which might indicate the danger of fire. 20. ［A］similar to［B］such as ［C］along with ［D］aside from 題解：后面“煙味”是前文“緊急信號”之一種，故B。 二、such as有兩種用法。Such A as B及A such as B. 如such teachers as Tom，teachers such as Tom，都是對的。 III：讓步：though, although, even though/when/if, in spite of, despite, given 邪說：注意幾個特殊的詞。 一、Though和although一般做“雖然”，引導(dǎo)從句，也就是重心是在主句“但是”上。但有時這兩個詞都可說成“但是”，反而是意思的核心。 Getting enough vitamins is essential to life, although the body has no nutritional use for excess vitamins. Many people, 50 , believe in being on the "safe side" and thus take extra vitamins. 50. (A) nevertheless (B) therefore (C) moreover (D) meanwhile 題解：空格前后是逗號，說明考的句間關(guān)系。本句說的是很多人相信吃得多些比較好，要看前一句來決定是因果還是轉(zhuǎn)折等。前一句說獲取足夠的維他命對生命來說是重要的，although過了沒有用。如果前面主句是重心，則50該選C，構(gòu)成因果關(guān)系。而根據(jù)上下文，其實(shí)重心已轉(zhuǎn)移到了although從句，although應(yīng)該說成“但是”，這樣與下句是反的，選A。 Though更是另有絕用，讓人大跌眼鏡。 In fact，5 , we are extremely sensitive to smells, 6 we do not generally realize it. 5. ［A］anyway ［B］though ［C］instead ［D］therefore 題解：首先要知道，兩個逗號之間的連接副詞，表示的是與前一句之間的關(guān)系。由上文可知是轉(zhuǎn)折，此處似乎只有though能擔(dān)此任,而它恰恰可以勝似無礙。它還可以放在一句的最后，同樣表示轉(zhuǎn)折。 二、given看起來是個過去分詞，但叛變了，多作介詞用，given that還可跟從句，所表示的邏輯關(guān)系，可順可反，順的請看下面“因果”中的表現(xiàn)，此處單表反的，即相當(dāng)于“雖然有”。 Given all the disadvantages, he managed to win. 雖有各種不利，他還是爭取到成功。 IV．轉(zhuǎn)折： but, however, yet；nevertheless, nonetheless；instead, instead of；not…but, rather than；fortunately, unfortunately；in fact 邪說： 一、區(qū)分instead, instead of. Instead of是介詞性，后面跟名詞構(gòu)成介賓短語，大致可說成“不是”，暗示著后面是“而是”。 Instead of Mary, who looks great, he chose Helen, she feels good. 他不是選擇的看起來好的瑪麗，而選擇了感覺好的海倫。 Instead則是一個連接副詞，表示兩句間關(guān)系。 He didn’t choose Mary. Instead, he choose Helen. 他沒有選擇瑪麗。相反，他選擇了海倫。 二、in fact 事實(shí)上，暗含的意思是要對一些主觀的也就是非事實(shí)性的猜測進(jìn)行澄清。 You may assume that I am rich. In fact, I have anything but money. 你可能認(rèn)為我有錢。事實(shí)上，俺都有就是沒錢。 V．對照: conversely, on the contrary, by/in contrast, on the other hand；while/when/as/whereas；some…others…still others 邪說： Conversly, on the contrary, by/in contrast，on the other hand多用于連接獨(dú)立的句子，表示對照。 While, when, as, whereas則用于句內(nèi)，兩個分句間的對照，用法各有千秋。 Whereas是正宗經(jīng)典，全心全意表對照，用法也標(biāo)準(zhǔn)：引導(dǎo)一個完整的句子。 只有While引導(dǎo)的句子可以省略成短語形式。 We are trying our best, whereas they are wasting time. 我們正竭盡所能，他們卻在浪費(fèi)時間。 We are not to ask much while doing little. 我們不該要求多卻做得少。 Many others, __14__ not addicted or mentally ill, simply lack the everyday survival skills need to turn their lives around. 14. [A]when [B]once [C]while [D]whereas 題解：此短語與主句形成相反關(guān)系，但只是一個短語，不能用D引導(dǎo)，故C。 Strangely, some people find that they can smell one type of flower but not another, 9 others are sensitive to the smells of both flowers. 9. ［A］when ［B］since ［C］for ［D］whereas 題解：前后相反，且是完整句，選D。理論上似乎A也有希望，誰叫它不是嫡系，是本來表時間，起義過來的呢。 VI．因果： because, for, as, since, now that, in that；due to, owing to, thanks to；therefore, thus, hence, accordingly, consequently as, as a result；derive/stem/result from, result in；cause, lead to, give rise/birth to, bring about, account for, be responsible for, contribute to；in (the )light of, in view of, by virtue of；owe…to.., attribute… to, ascribe…to…；given, considering 邪說：because, for, as, since, now that, in that是連詞，也就是后面跟一個完整的句子；due to, owing to, thanks to都是介詞性短語，后面跟名詞性成分；therefore, thus, hence, accordingly, consequently as, as a result為連接副詞，常用于句子之間表示因果關(guān)系；derive/stem/result from是動詞短語，from后跟原因; result in后跟結(jié)果。cause, lead to, grive rise/birth to, bring about, account for, be responsible for, contribute to也是動詞短語，都是前因后果，說成“導(dǎo)致/造成”等；in (the )light of, in view of, by virtue of是三個特殊的介詞性短語，因?yàn)樽置媪x與因果關(guān)系似乎少有關(guān)聯(lián)，需特別記憶；owe…to.., attribute… to, ascribe…to…是追索原因的動詞短語，相當(dāng)于“將……歸因于……”；given, considering本來是過去分詞與現(xiàn)在分詞，但發(fā)生了基因突變，可用于介詞，都可表因果關(guān)系，意思是“因?yàn)橛?，考慮到”。當(dāng)然如上面已述，given也可表讓步關(guān)系。 VII．相似：like, likewise, similarly, equally, also, too, as well VIII．遞進(jìn)： furthermore, moreover, what’s more；besides, in addition, additionally；even, indeed, go so far as to 邪說：注意furthermore, moreover, what’s more三個表達(dá)法，都包含一個more, 決定其遞進(jìn)的基本義。 重點(diǎn)關(guān)注indeed, 因?yàn)樽置嫔吓c暗含轉(zhuǎn)折的in fact相同，邏輯上卻大相徑庭。 The homeless make up a growing percentage of America’s population. __1_ homelessness has reached such proportions that local government can’t possibly cope. 1. [A] Indeed [B] Likewise [C] Therefore [D] Furthermore 題解：兩句是遞進(jìn)關(guān)系，有A和D入選。Furthermore是講另外一件事情，indeed是同一件事情程度上升。前面講無家可歸者越來越多，后面說如此多以致政府無法控制，同一事的程度問題，故A。 再看看頗具特色的go so far as to，通過例句來體會。 They are foolish. Some go so far as to earn money by hard work. 他們是傻瓜，有些甚至?xí)眯燎趧趧觼碣嶅X。［實(shí)習(xí)編輯：張丁心］ 本文選自新東方黃倫輝的博客，博客鏈接地址http://blog.tianya.cn/blogger/post_read.asp?BlogID=2576091&PostID=26881631 | ||||||||||
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