對(duì)于嚴(yán)重激越的譫妄患者,可以考慮氟哌啶醇聯(lián)合勞拉西泮( 1–2 mg i.v./2-4h ),因?yàn)閯诶縻梢詼p少因?yàn)榉哙ご荚黾觿┝克洛F體外系副作用,特別是靜坐不能。勞拉西泮靜脈注射的半衰期約 12-14h ,因此鎮(zhèn)靜作用可能會(huì)有累積,需要在首次治療后的后續(xù)治療中逐步減量。不過(guò),勞拉西泮是苯二氮類(lèi)藥物中對(duì)呼吸抑制影響最小的藥物之一。對(duì)于肝功能不全患者,使用奧沙西泮和羥基西泮是安全有效的,因?yàn)樗鼈儾煌ㄟ^(guò)肝臟的氧化代謝。如果上述常規(guī)治療療效欠佳或有急性副反應(yīng)等問(wèn)題,可考慮加用丙戊酸鈉靜脈給藥,它也可以作為嚴(yán)重激越的譫妄治療有效藥物之一。芬太尼和嗎啡類(lèi)鎮(zhèn)靜止痛藥對(duì)嚴(yán)重的術(shù)后激越譫妄狀態(tài)也會(huì)有所幫助,特別是藥物不能起到有效鎮(zhèn)靜作用時(shí),需要使用鎮(zhèn)靜藥物異丙酚或美托咪啶,但要與呼吸機(jī)共同使用。異丙酚是深度鎮(zhèn)靜的藥物,可用于短期治療;在使用的過(guò)程中患者可以從焦躁到鎮(zhèn)靜,再到催眠,然后再到麻醉狀態(tài)。然而,當(dāng)使用 ≥ 2 周, 患者就會(huì)出現(xiàn)耐藥且停藥比較困難?;谏鲜鲆蛩兀髡甙l(fā)現(xiàn)用選擇性 α2 - 腎上腺素能受體激動(dòng)劑美托咪啶也是有效的,但因?yàn)橛行呐K輸出降低的副作用,因此臨床上建議慎用。術(shù)后譫妄使用美托咪啶是值得進(jìn)一步研究的新課題。因?yàn)樘弁纯赡軙?huì)加劇術(shù)后譫妄的激越癥狀。術(shù)后疼痛的治療可以選用嗎啡與芬太尼,但兩者均有呼吸抑制和低血壓的潛在副作用。另外,芬太尼因?yàn)槠渥饔脮r(shí)間較短,患者的激越癥狀控制有時(shí)會(huì)難以達(dá)到穩(wěn)定的平靜狀態(tài)。度冷丁原則上要盡量避免使用,因?yàn)闀?huì)產(chǎn)生與譫妄病因相關(guān)的代謝產(chǎn)物。目前在手術(shù)后疼痛的處理中更多地是使用阿片類(lèi)藥物和局部麻醉劑讓患者自控鎮(zhèn)痛和自控硬膜外鎮(zhèn)痛,這些都是重要的控制疼痛策略。 1 項(xiàng)對(duì)老年患者腹部重大手術(shù)術(shù)后鎮(zhèn)痛治療的隨機(jī)研究中發(fā)現(xiàn),這兩種方法都有效,但自控硬膜外鎮(zhèn)痛在疼痛控制、精神狀態(tài)、術(shù)后 5 天胃腸功能改善等方面優(yōu)勢(shì)更為明顯。有關(guān)術(shù)后譫妄的非藥物治療策略見(jiàn)表一。鑒于目前對(duì)于預(yù)防譫妄的研究證據(jù)不足,有待今后有更多的發(fā)現(xiàn)。結(jié)論術(shù)后譫妄是一個(gè)發(fā)生率和死亡率成正相關(guān),且互為因果、密切相關(guān)的臨床問(wèn)題,特別在老年人群中風(fēng)險(xiǎn)很高。抗精神病藥可以用于治療譫妄,其中氟哌啶醇靜脈注射仍是迄今治療譫妄嚴(yán)重激越狀態(tài)的首選藥物,在綜合醫(yī)院中這也是精神科聯(lián)絡(luò)會(huì)診中最具挑戰(zhàn)性的問(wèn)題之一。表 1 術(shù)后譫妄的處理策略監(jiān)測(cè)生命體征,出入液體量控制及吸氧治療脫水,心臟衰竭和電解質(zhì)紊亂保持吸痰準(zhǔn)備措施避免在同一個(gè)時(shí)間使用多個(gè)藥物,可能的話暫停不必要的藥物需要的話補(bǔ)充營(yíng)養(yǎng)治療常見(jiàn)的感染:泌尿系統(tǒng)、呼吸道、軟組織的感染治療重度貧血(輸血) ,低氧,低血壓評(píng)估和治療尿潴留及糞便嵌塞的情況治療尿失禁、安排定時(shí)如廁預(yù)測(cè)和防止突如其來(lái)地疼痛并識(shí)別和管理疼痛的來(lái)源如果可能的話,避免擾亂患者的睡眠如果患者感到環(huán)境危險(xiǎn),建議專(zhuān)人陪護(hù)盡可能避免身體約束把病人安排在護(hù)士工作站的旁邊避免把病人安排在另一個(gè)譫妄患者的邊上指導(dǎo)醫(yī)院工作人員與譫妄患者適當(dāng)?shù)販贤ú⒏深A(yù)可能的話,鼓勵(lì)家人探訪其他輔助治療和物理治療協(xié)助進(jìn)食減少環(huán)境的嘈雜(尤其是在夜間)給予充足光線輔助改善感知功能,如提供眼鏡和助聽(tīng)器從家中給患者帶一些熟悉的物體每天至少三次予以對(duì)時(shí)間,地點(diǎn)和人物定向的在適應(yīng)當(dāng)譫妄癥狀改善,要相應(yīng)地幫助恢復(fù)正常功能,改變 “ 依賴(lài)的習(xí)慣 ”使病人和家屬對(duì)譫妄的原因和可逆性有所認(rèn)識(shí),并告知如何相互者配合及家庭在康復(fù)中的功能。參考文獻(xiàn)1. 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