初中英語(yǔ)總復(fù)習(xí)之語(yǔ)法篇--動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)
初中英語(yǔ)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)考點(diǎn)聚焦
［焦點(diǎn)一］什么是被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)？它是怎樣構(gòu)成的？
被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)表明一個(gè)被動(dòng)性動(dòng)作，它由“助動(dòng)詞be＋及物動(dòng)詞的過去分詞”構(gòu)成。助動(dòng)詞be有時(shí)態(tài)、人稱和數(shù)的變化，其變化規(guī)則與連系動(dòng)詞be完全一樣。請(qǐng)看下表：
時(shí) 態(tài)
主語(yǔ)為單數(shù)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)構(gòu)成
主語(yǔ)為復(fù)數(shù)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)構(gòu)成
一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)
is/ am doneare done
一般過去時(shí)
was donewere done
一般將來時(shí)
will be done/ is （am） going to be donewill be done/ are going to be done
情態(tài)動(dòng)詞
may/ can/ must/ should be donemay/ can/ must/ should be done
被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)否定式為be not done，情態(tài)動(dòng)詞被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)否定式為情態(tài)動(dòng)詞＋not be done.
［焦點(diǎn)二］在什么情況下要使用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)？
在下列情況下要使用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：
1. 行為主體不明確，不必說出或者無法說出動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者時(shí)。如：
Football is played all over the world.
2. 不易找到或根本就不可能找到動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者時(shí)。如：
My bike was stolen. 我的自行車被盜了。
3. 漢語(yǔ)中含有“據(jù)說、據(jù)悉、有人說、大家說”等時(shí)。如：
It is said that one day he climbed to the top of a house and dropped some money down a chimney.
據(jù)說，有一天他爬到一所房子的頂上，往煙囪下面扔了一些錢。
4. 漢語(yǔ)中含有“被、由”等詞時(shí)。如：
Wei Hua is asked to come by Lin Tao.
魏華是被林濤叫來的。
5. 漢語(yǔ)中沒有“被、由”等詞，而在原句中試加這類詞且句意通順時(shí)。如：
These songs are usually sung by boys.
這些歌曲通常是男生唱的。（在“是”后面可以加上“由”）
6. 某些句子習(xí)慣上用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。如：
He was born in October， 1989.
7. 表示禮貌時(shí)。如：
You are friendly invited to come to our English party at 8：00 p.m. tomorrow.
敬請(qǐng)您明天晚上8：00光臨我們的英語(yǔ)晚會(huì)。
［焦點(diǎn)三］那么在什么情況下不能使用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)呢？
在以下10種情況下均不能使用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：
1. 不及物動(dòng)詞不能用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。如：
正：The story happened in London.
誤：The story was happened in London.
2. 表示狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞，如have，cost，fit，last，own，hold，become等往往不能用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。如：
正：The shirt fits him very well.
誤：He is fitted very well by the shirt.
3. 某些“不及物動(dòng)詞＋介詞”構(gòu)成的短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，如listen to，walk into，fall off等，往往不使用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。如：
正：He walked into the room.
誤：The room was walked into by him.
4. 祈使句一般沒有被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。如：
正：Look at the blackboard， please.
誤：The blackboard is looked at by you.
5. 賓語(yǔ)和主語(yǔ)所指的對(duì)象相同時(shí)不能用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。如：
正：We must help each other.
誤：Each other must be helped by us.
6. 某些及物動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)表示處所、地點(diǎn)、組織時(shí)不能用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。如：
正：He joined the League in 1998.
誤：The League was joined by him in 1998.
7. 動(dòng)詞不定式或動(dòng)詞-ing形式作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)不能用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。如：
正：They like to watch TV.
誤：To watch TV is liked by them.
正：He enjoys listening to the radio.
誤：Listening to the radio is enjoyed by him.
8. 主動(dòng)句中有表示數(shù)量、長(zhǎng)度、大小或程度的單詞或短語(yǔ)作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)往往不使用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。如：
正：She pays three yuan for the tomatoes.
誤：Three yuan is paid for these tomatoes by her.
9. 由“動(dòng)詞＋名詞”構(gòu)成的英語(yǔ)習(xí)語(yǔ)（如make faces，make friends，take place等）一般不可改為被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。如：
正：The boy make faces in class.
誤：Faces are made by the boy in class.
10. 反身代詞在句中作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，不能用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。如：
正：You must look after yourself.
誤：Yourself must be looked after.
［焦點(diǎn)四］初中英語(yǔ)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)八注意
1．我們知道，主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)，通常將主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中的賓語(yǔ)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的主語(yǔ)；主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的主語(yǔ)變?yōu)橛山樵~by引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)；謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)“be +過去分詞”形式，例如：
Everyone likes the interesting film. (主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)) → The interesting film is liked by everyone. (被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài))
They used knives to cut things. (主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)) → Knives are used to cut things. (被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài))
但是，并非所有由“be +過去分詞”構(gòu)成的形式就是被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。有時(shí)過去分詞已經(jīng)變?yōu)樾稳菰~，表示一種狀態(tài)。試比較：
My brother is very interested in English. 我哥哥對(duì)英語(yǔ)非常感興趣。（狀態(tài)）
My brother was interested by what I told him. 我告訴他的話讓我哥哥非常感興趣。（動(dòng)態(tài)）
2．在被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞一定是及物動(dòng)詞，也就是說必須跟賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞。如：
We can make metals into different shapes. (主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)) → Metals can be made into different shapes. (被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài))
在主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中make是及物動(dòng)詞，其動(dòng)作的承受者即賓語(yǔ)是metals。
但是，并非所有的及物動(dòng)詞都有被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。比如，表示靜態(tài)的動(dòng)詞（have、belong to）、賓語(yǔ)是反身代詞或相互代詞等。例如：
He has a nice house. 他有一所漂亮的房子。
We must help each other. 我們應(yīng)該互相幫助。
3．主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中的主語(yǔ)在變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)通常變?yōu)橛山樵~by的引出的賓語(yǔ)。如：
They have already cut down the trees. → The trees have already been cut down by them. 那些樹木已經(jīng)被他們砍光。
如果謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是know，在變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)，原來的主語(yǔ)變?yōu)橛蓆o引出的賓語(yǔ)。如：
May people know him very well. → He is well known to many people. 很多人都非常了解他。
注意：我們之所以用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)是因?yàn)槲覀儾磺宄?dòng)作的執(zhí)行者、或沒有必要指出動(dòng)詞的執(zhí)行者等。因此很多被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)沒有由by引出的賓語(yǔ)。如：
People may lose their lives and homes or they may be injured badly in a fire. 在大火中人們可能失去性命和家園，要不就是嚴(yán)重?zé)齻?div style="height:15px;">
It is used for protecting the fireman from smoke. 它用來保護(hù)消防人員以避免吸進(jìn)煙霧。
4．在主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)，時(shí)態(tài)一般應(yīng)保持一致。如：
We will build more factories in my hometown. → More factories will be built in my hometown. 我們家鄉(xiāng)將要建起更多的工廠。
5．某些動(dòng)詞可以跟雙賓語(yǔ)如give、pass、bring、write；buy、make等，在變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)如果直接賓語(yǔ)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中的主語(yǔ)，則間接賓語(yǔ)通常由介詞to、for引出。例如：
My sister gave me a nice watch for my birthday. → A nice watch was given to me by my sister for my birthday. 我過生日時(shí)收到了姐姐的一塊手表。
They have bought us many books. → Many books have been bought for us by them. 很多書都是由他們給我們買的。
6．某些動(dòng)詞make、hear、see、watch等在主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中，其賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)要求用不帶to的不定式。但在變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)通常省略的不定式符號(hào)to必須恢復(fù)。如：
He made us clean the classroom after school. → We were made to clean the classroom after school. 我們被迫在放學(xué)后打掃教室。
I saw him come into the room. → He was seen to come into the room. 人們看見他進(jìn)了屋子。
7．在主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中如果謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是含有介詞或副詞的短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)不能丟掉該介詞或副詞。如：
They must take good care of the children. → The children must be taken good care of. 孩子們必須小心照看。
8．英語(yǔ)中某些動(dòng)詞如sell、lock、draw、start等在否定句、進(jìn)行時(shí)或用在某些形容詞、副詞前可以表示被動(dòng)意義。如：
This kind of books sells well. 這種書暢銷。
The door won’t lock. 門鎖鎖不上。
