高考考生中盛傳“得閱讀者得天下”一語(yǔ)，究其根源，并非無(wú)稽之談。高考英語(yǔ)中閱讀占40分，居各題型之首。高三學(xué)生英語(yǔ)成績(jī)提高有兩個(gè)檻：90分和120分。學(xué)生們要想從不及格躍上90分，或是要想從100多分超越120分，都只能在閱讀上有所突破?？v觀各地高考英語(yǔ)閱讀中，考生出現(xiàn)的錯(cuò)誤大多集中在文章能輕松讀懂而題目偏難的陷阱題中。所以要想提高閱讀理解得分，不僅需要提高自身英語(yǔ)基礎(chǔ)，還要掌握高考試題出題思路、出題規(guī)律以及各類型題的解題技巧。
一般來(lái)說(shuō)，常見的高考閱讀題型有：細(xì)節(jié)題、詞匯題、主旨題、推理題、結(jié)構(gòu)題。
一、細(xì)節(jié)題細(xì)節(jié)，一般是對(duì)某一具體的人或事的詳細(xì)描述或說(shuō)明。而細(xì)節(jié)題則是針對(duì)細(xì)節(jié)提問，考查學(xué)生的跳讀能力、對(duì)文章相關(guān)內(nèi)容的理解并進(jìn)行綜合判斷及推理分析的能力。細(xì)節(jié)題在高考閱讀中比重最高，也是學(xué)生犯錯(cuò)頻率最高的題型。解細(xì)節(jié)題時(shí)，運(yùn)用三步定位法能一定程度上提高正確率。所謂“三步定位法”是指解題時(shí)，我們先通過(guò)題干信息來(lái)選擇定位詞，一般多通過(guò)題干中的名詞、動(dòng)詞、數(shù)詞來(lái)進(jìn)行。選好定位詞后，返回原文，查找這個(gè)詞是在文中哪句話中出現(xiàn)的。題目的答案一般就包含在這句話中。
例如：2006年高考英語(yǔ)全國(guó)卷2閱讀理解B篇(見本期贈(zèng)卷) 47. In which year did the former first lady Jacqueline die? A. 1934 B. 1960 C. 1964 D. 1994
例如：2001年高考英語(yǔ)全國(guó)卷閱讀理解A篇Shanghai: Car rentals(出租)are becoming more and more popular as an inexpensive way of taking to roads. Business people, foreign and families alike are making good use of the growing industry. The first car rental firm opened in Shanghai in 1992 and now 12 car rental players are in the game, with more than 11,500 cars in their books. The largest player-Shanghai Bashi Tourism Car Rental Center offers a wide variety of choices—deluxe sedans, minivans, station wagons, coaches. Santana sedans are the big favorite. …. 56. The words“deluxe sedans,”“minivans”and“station wagons”used in the text refer to _________. A. cars in the making B. car rental firms C. cars for rent D. car makers
【分析】該題屬于“生詞”類詞匯題，直接通過(guò)定位在第3段找到“生詞”。發(fā)現(xiàn)這三個(gè)詞是用來(lái)解釋前面說(shuō)到的“choices”，而根據(jù)“Bashi Tourism Car Rental Center offers a wide variety of choices”，可以很容易得出正確答案C。
三、主旨題主旨題是閱讀理解中最常見的題型之一，每年高考英語(yǔ)試卷中都會(huì)出現(xiàn)3～4題(即6～8分)，考查學(xué)生對(duì)整篇文章的把握情況。解答這類題可以運(yùn)用如下方法：
1、抓主題句主題句表達(dá)文章中心思想，在文章中通常位于第一段首句、第一段末句和全文末句等處，閱讀時(shí)要特別注意。
2、抓文章邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)文章主題出現(xiàn)的位置對(duì)應(yīng)于文章邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)中的一個(gè)部分，而在高考閱讀中以“總－分－總”結(jié)構(gòu)類型題居多。所以重讀文章首、尾兩段以及每段首句，對(duì)把握文章結(jié)構(gòu)和主旨理解有很大幫助。
例如：2002年高考英語(yǔ)北京卷閱讀理解E篇Since 1989, Dave Thomas, who died at age 69, was one of the most recognizable faces on TV. He appeared in more than 800 commercials for the hamburger chain named for his daughter.“As long as it works,”he said in 1991,“I’ll continue do those commercials.”…. “The Dave you saw on TV was the real Dave,”says friend Pat Williams.“He wasn’t a great actor or a great speaker. He was just Joe Everybody.”71. What is the article mainly about? A. The life of Dave Thomas. B. The dream of Dave Thomas. C. The schooling of Dave Thomas. D. The growth of Dave Thomas’s business.
例如：2005年高考英語(yǔ)江蘇卷閱讀理解The twentieth century saw greater changes than any century before: changes for the better, changes for the worse; changes that brought a lot of benefits to human beings, changes that put man in danger. Many things caused the changes, but, in my opinion, the most important was the progress in science. Scientific research in physics and biology has vastly broadened our views. It has given us a deeper knowledge of the structure of matter and of the universe; it has brought us a better understandings of the nature of life and of its continuous development. Technology—the application of science—has made big advances that have benefited us in nearly every part of life. The continuation of such activities in the twenty-first century will result in even greater advantages to human beings: in pure science—a wider and deeper knowledge in all fields of earning; in applied science—a more reasonable sharing of material benefits, and better protection of the environment. Sadly, however, there is another side to the picture. The creativity of science has been employed in doing damage to mankind. The application of science and technology to the development and production of weapons of mass destruction has created a real danger to the continued existence of the human race on this planet. We have seen this happen in the case of nuclear weapons, Although their actual use has so far occurred only in the Second World War, the umber of nuclear weapons that were produced and made ready for use was so large that if the weapons had actually been used, the result could have been the ruin of the human race, as well as f many kinds of animals. William Shakespeare said, "The web of our life is of a mingled yarn (紗線), good and ill together.'’The above brief review of the application of only one part of human activities—science seems to prove what Shakespeare said. But does it have to be so? Must the ill always go together with the good? Are we biologically programmed for war? 72. Which of the following best shows the structure of the passage? A. B. C. D.
【分析】該題為結(jié)構(gòu)題的第一種類型。針對(duì)該題，在文章首段的最后一句話，通過(guò)轉(zhuǎn)折詞but找到主題，第2段、第3段的主題句都出現(xiàn)了段尾，都講了科技帶來(lái)的benefit，從正面印證了主題。而第4段首句的sadly和however，表明文章轉(zhuǎn)入另外一個(gè)方面的論證，而且是反面的的論證。接下來(lái)的全文尾段用Shakespeare的話再次總結(jié)主題。根據(jù)這個(gè)分析，可以很容易地看出這篇文章的整體結(jié)構(gòu)是“總－分－總”式，在“分”的部分有分為正、反兩方面，選A。
例如：2006年高考英語(yǔ)重慶卷閱讀理解E篇The flag, the most common symbol(象征) of a nation in the modern world, is also one of the most ancient. With a clear symbolic meaning, the flag in the traditional form is still used today to mark buildings, ships and other vehicles related to a country. The national flag as we know it today is in no way a primitive(原始的)artifact. It is, rather, the product of thousands of years' development. Historians believe that it had two major ancestors, of which the earlier served to show wind direction. …. These flags developed very slowly into modern flags. The first known flag of a nation or a ruler was unmarked: The king of China around 1000 B.C. was known to have a white flag carried ahead of him. This practice might have been learned from Egyptians even further in the past, but it was from China that it spread over trade routes through India, then across Arab lands, and finally to Europe, where it met up with the other ancestor of the national flag. 75. What will the author most probably talk about next?
A. The role of China in the spread of the national flag.
B. The second ancestor of the national flag.
C. The use of modern flags in Europe.
D. The importance of modern flags. 【分析】本題屬于結(jié)構(gòu)題中的預(yù)測(cè)后文類型。文章首段很明顯是對(duì)“flag”做了一個(gè)整體介紹，而從第2段開始推出文章要介紹的主要內(nèi)容“national flag”，同時(shí)，根據(jù)第2段尾句可知national flag有兩個(gè)ancestors。再結(jié)合尾段內(nèi)容，特別是尾段最后一句“where it met up with the other ancestor of the national flag”，很容易推測(cè)出作者即將要講到的內(nèi)容，另外一種ancestor。所以選B。
五、推理題推理題所涉及的內(nèi)容可能是文中某一句話，也可是某幾句話，但做題時(shí)，都要以文字信息為依據(jù)，既不能做出在原文中找不到文字根據(jù)的推理，也不能根據(jù)表面文字信息做多步推理。所以，推理題的答案只能是根據(jù)原文表面文字信息一步推理得出的答案，即對(duì)原文某一句話或某幾句話所作的同義改寫(paraphrase)或綜合。具體在解題時(shí)就是：根據(jù)題干中的關(guān)鍵詞或選項(xiàng)中的線索找到原文的相關(guān)句，讀懂原句后，對(duì)照選項(xiàng)進(jìn)行比較，其中對(duì)相關(guān)原句進(jìn)行同義改寫或綜合概括的一項(xiàng)即為正確答案。
針對(duì)推理題的不同形式，可以采取以下做法：
1、假如題干中有具體線索，根據(jù)具體線索找到原文相關(guān)句(一句或多句)，然后做出推理；2、假如題干中無(wú)線索，如題干為“It can be inferred/concluded from the passage that ______”等，先快速瀏覽一下4個(gè)選項(xiàng)，根據(jù)常識(shí)等排除不太可能的選項(xiàng)，然后在剩余的選項(xiàng)中找到關(guān)鍵詞，回到原文尋找其相關(guān)句并做出推理；3、如果一篇文章中其他題都未涉及文章主旨，那么推理題，如infer、conclude題型，可能與文章主旨有關(guān)，考生應(yīng)該定位到文章主題所在位置(如主題句出現(xiàn)處)；假如其他題已經(jīng)涉及文章主旨，那么要求推斷出來(lái)的內(nèi)容可能與段落主題有關(guān)，則此時(shí)應(yīng)找段落主題所在處；如果不與段落主題有關(guān)，有時(shí)與全文或段落的重要結(jié)論有關(guān)，則需要尋找與這些結(jié)論相關(guān)的文中原句。
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