一、except, besides, except for用法的關(guān)聯(lián)和區(qū)別
1.作介詞用法時,這三個詞都有"除…之外"的含義，但except常與do/does/did/have/has/had nothing等詞或者與全部肯定詞all、everything、everyone等連用,或者與全部否定詞nothing、nobody等連用，因此except"除…之外"時常表示從整體中剔除一部分；而besides作"除…之外"時則表示"另外附加"的含義，相當(dāng)于"in addition to" 下列例句:
except:
He did nothing except watch TV yesterday.
他昨天除了看電視什么也沒做。
He said nothing except to smile just now.
他剛才除了微笑什么也沒說。
All the students took at rip except Tom yesterday.
昨天除了湯姆外，所有的學(xué)生都很生氣。
except for:
Everyone was late, except for Richard.
除了理查德，其他所有人都遲到了。
Apart from [ Except for] a few grammatical mistakes, this composition of yours is well written.
除了幾處語法錯誤之外，你這篇作文寫得不錯。
besides:
We have lots of things in common besides music.
除了音樂，我們還有很多共通點(diǎn)。
Besides working as a doctor, he also writes novels in his spare time.
除了當(dāng)醫(yī)生之外，他在業(yè)余時間還寫小說。
We need 3 more persons to finish the job besides/in addition to us two.
除了我們兩個人之外，我們還需要三個人來完成這項工作。
2.作介詞用法時的except后可接多種情況的介詞短語。在這種情況下，except后的介詞是不可省去的，except加介詞用就相當(dāng)于連詞加相關(guān)的從句。例如:
The weather is fine today except in the northwest.---->The weather is fine today except that it is in the northwest.
今天天氣很好，除了西北部。
My master ordered me not to deliver the message except in private---->My master ordered me not to deliver the message except that it is in private.
我的主人命令我務(wù)必私下里傳遞消息。
The matter can not be discussed except at a personal interview. ---->The matter can not be discussed except it is at a personal interview.
這件事只能在面談時討論。
His mother never takes any exercise except on the dance floor.---->His mother never takes any exercise exceptthat she has adance on the floor.
他媽媽除了在舞場外從不做任何運(yùn)動。
3.需要強(qiáng)調(diào)的是except與except for的用法區(qū)別:
Except后排除的內(nèi)容與主語往往是同一類的, 而except for后所排除的內(nèi)容與主語往往不是同一類的。例如：
except:
All the buildings are excellent except this one.
除了這座，所有的建筑物都很好。
I like all sports except football.
除足球外我喜歡所有的運(yùn)動。
except for:
All the buildings are excellent except for their locations.
除了它們的位置，所有的建筑物都很好。
All the buildings are excellent except that the place buidings are built is not good.
所有的建筑都很好，除了建筑的地方不好。
當(dāng)except用在句首時往往改用except for。例如:
There was no single person in the dark street that night except a policeman on his duty.---->Except for a policeman on his duty, there was no single person in the dark street that night.
那天晚上除了一個值班的警察外，黑暗的街道上沒有一個人。
He was like a thousand other bright young men in Toronto except a patina of charisma.---->Except for a patina of charisma, he was like a thousand other bright young men in Toronto.
除了有點(diǎn)兒魅力外，他和多倫多其他眾多機(jī)靈的年輕小伙子沒有兩樣。
4.相當(dāng)于連詞用法的except與相當(dāng)于連詞用法的besides的區(qū)別仍然保持它們作介詞用法的含義。試比較下列：
Tom is a good student except that he is careless.---->Tom is a good student except for his carelessness.
湯姆是個好學(xué)生，除了粗心。
Tom seldom comes late to school except when it rains hard.---->Tom seldom comes late to school expect a heavily rainy day.
湯姆上學(xué)很少遲到，除非下大雨。
二、beside 意指“在...旁邊”, 如: beside the river在河邊，而besides 則指“除...以外, 還有...”，如:
beside:
He sat beside her all night.
整個晚上他都坐在她的身邊。
On the table beside an empty plate was a pile of books...
桌上空盤子的旁邊是一堆書。
besides:
Besides these honors he received a sum of money.
除了榮譽(yù)以外, 他還得了一筆錢 。
I think she has many good qualities besides being very beautiful.
我覺得她不但長得非常漂亮，而且還有很多優(yōu)秀品質(zhì)。
三、 except與besides意義不同。
We all agreed except him.
我們都同意, 只有他不同意。
We all agreed besides him.
我們都同意, 他也同意。
We have lots of things in common besides music.
除了音樂，我們還有很多共通點(diǎn)。
We have lots of things in common except music.
除了音樂，我們有很多共同點(diǎn)。
四、except prep（常與for連用）除…之外。
all the questions except for the last one.
除最后一道題之外的所有問題。
Except for one old lady, the bus was empty.
公共汽車上要不是坐了一位老太太就是空的。
五、介詞besides，except，except for，but，apart from 和 in addition to 在用法上區(qū)別：
besides 和 in addition to 同義，表示“除……之外(還)……”。但是，當(dāng)與nothing，nobody或no one等否定意義的不定代詞連用時，besides與except同義，表示“除…之外(其余都不)”。例如：
besides 和 in addition to:
She knows Japanese besides English. = In addition to English, she knows Japanese.
除了英語，她還懂日語。
besides和except:
I want nothing besides this. = I want nothing expect this.
除此我什么都不要。
I've got no family besides my parents. = I've got no family expect my parents.
除了父母，我沒有其他親人。
Nobody knows the truth besides him. = Nobody knows the truth except him.
除他之外沒有人知道真相。
六、except 表示“除……外，(其余都)……”，常與“all，every，no，none，nothing”等含有整體肯定或否定意義的詞連用。except for：它的賓語與前述對象完全是兩回事。例如：
The room was very cold and, except for Jack, entirely empty.
這個房間很陰冷，而且除了杰克，完全是空蕩蕩的。
Except：指同一類事物的總體中除去一部分。如：
He gets up early everyday except Sunday.
除星期天外，他每天早起。
Except that后面跟從句，語意與上同。如：
He has always been in good health except that he has had a slight headache in the past few days.
除了在過去幾天里有些頭痛之外，他身體一直很好。
七、But：常可與 except互換，強(qiáng)調(diào)“不在其中”。例如：
Everyone attended the meeting but Mary. = Everyone attended the meeting except Mary.
大家都出席了這次會議，但瑪麗不在其列。
I can resist everything but temptation. = I can resist everything except temptation.
我能抗拒一切，除了誘惑。
八、besides：強(qiáng)調(diào)“除此之外，還包括”。例如：
She can speak French and Japanese besides English.
除英語外，她還會講法語和日語。
Besides the two novels, I have bought two atlases.
我買了兩本小說，另外還買了兩本地圖冊。
九、apart from：其含義主要依據(jù)上下文而定，有時可與except換用，有時可代替besides。例如：
Apart from the coat, the hat doesn't suit me. = Besides the coat, the hat doesn't suit me.
除價錢太貴，這帽子也不適合我戴。
I've finished apart from the last question. = I've finished except the last question.
除了最后一道題，我全做完了。
十、except 用于同類之間。except for 用于不同類的。apart from 在同類或不同類都能用。
