來(lái)源:國(guó)家氣候中心,2022 因?yàn)楸┞陡邷責(zé)崂?,?dǎo)致2019年全球65歲以上的人群中有34.5萬(wàn)過(guò)早死亡(Romanello et al.,2021)。在中國(guó)過(guò)去40年中,熱浪歸因的死亡人數(shù)也增加了4倍(Chen et al.,2022)。森林大火或開(kāi)放性植被因?yàn)楦邷馗珊诞a(chǎn)生大火也會(huì)帶來(lái)健康危害。例如,野火可造成全球新生兒出體重降低10.3克,間接導(dǎo)致每年6萬(wàn)五歲以下兒童死亡(Li et al., 2022);導(dǎo)致了9%全球18歲以下兒童的死亡(Xue et al., 2021)。除此以外,一些傳染病,如瘧疾、登革熱、寨卡,過(guò)去幾十年隨著溫度增加,影響也在增加。
碳中和目標(biāo)推動(dòng)源頭控制與健康效益“雙協(xié)同”
空氣污染物和溫室氣體具有同根同源性,實(shí)施源頭治理政策可應(yīng)對(duì)氣候變化,協(xié)同治理空氣污染,并帶來(lái)健康效益。研究表明,在2060年碳中和情景下,全國(guó)人群PM2.5年均暴露水平將降低至8μg/m3左右,78%的人群PM2.5年均暴露水平將低于1 0μg/m3,接近WHO 2021 AGQ指導(dǎo)值(PM2.5年均濃度5 μg/m3)(Cheng et al.,2021)。 因此,在實(shí)現(xiàn)碳中和目標(biāo)的過(guò)程中,在未來(lái)更加科學(xué)嚴(yán)格的空氣質(zhì)量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)引領(lǐng)下,我國(guó)需加強(qiáng)以健康效益驅(qū)動(dòng)氣候變化與空氣污染協(xié)同治理目標(biāo)與路徑優(yōu)化方面的能力,并推動(dòng)健康效益成為協(xié)同政策路徑選擇的重要考量。以健康驅(qū)動(dòng)空氣污染與氣候變化協(xié)同治理,以使我們的各項(xiàng)努力能夠最大程度保護(hù)公眾的健康。 ▋參考文獻(xiàn)[1]World Health Organization.(?2021)?. WHO global air quality guidelines: particulate matter (?PM2.5 and PM10)?, ozone, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide and carbon monoxide. World Health Organization. https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/345329.[2]Romanello, M., McGushin, A., Di Napoli, C., Drummond, P., Hughes, N., Jamart, L., ... & Hamilton, I. (2021). The 2021 report of the Lancet Countdown on health and climate change: code red for a healthy future.The Lancet, 398(10311), 1619-1662. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(21)01787-6.[3]Xue, T., Geng, G., Li, J., Han, Y., Guo, Q., Kelly, F. J., ... & Zhu, T. (2021). Associations between exposure to landscape fire smoke and child mortality in low-income and middle-income countries: a matched case-control study.The Lancet Planetary Health, 5(9), e588-e598. doi: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.10.109.[4]Li, J., Xue, T., Tong, M., Guan, T., Liu, H., Li, P., ... & Zhu, T. (2022). Gestational exposure to landscape fire increases under-5 child death via reducing birthweight: A risk assessment based on mediation analysis in low-and middle-income countries.Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 240, 113673. doi: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113673[5]Cheng, J., et al. (2021) Pathways of China's PM2. 5 air quality 2015–2060 in the context of carbon neutrality. National Science Review. doi: 10.1093/nsr/nwab078.[6]Chen, H.,et al. (2022) Spatiotemporal variation of mortality burden attributable to heatwaves in China, 1979–2020. Science Bulletin. doi: 10.1016/j.scib.2022.05.006. 彩蛋