Cervical Spine Anatomy
頸椎解剖
頸椎解剖患者指南
簡(jiǎn)介
Knowing the main parts of your neck and how these parts work is important as you learn to care for your neck problem.
了解頸部的主要構(gòu)成以及這些結(jié)構(gòu)如何運(yùn)作對(duì)于你學(xué)習(xí)應(yīng)對(duì)頸部疾病非常重要。
Two common anatomic terms are useful as they relate to the neck. The term anterior refers to the front of the neck. The term posterior refers to the back of the neck. The part of the spine that moves through the neck is called the cervical spine. The front of the neck is therefore called the anterior cervical area. The back of the neck is called the posterior cervical area.
談到頸椎有兩個(gè)常用的解剖術(shù)語很有用?！扒啊边@個(gè)術(shù)語指頸椎的前面，“后”這個(gè)術(shù)語指頸椎的背面。頸部的這段脊柱稱為頸椎。頸椎的前面稱為頸前區(qū)，頸椎的背面稱為頸后區(qū)。
This guide gives a general overview of the anatomy of the neck. It should help you understand
本指南對(duì)頸椎解剖作了簡(jiǎn)要介紹，有助于你理解：
· what parts make up the neck
· how these parts work
頸椎的構(gòu)成
這些結(jié)構(gòu)如何運(yùn)作
重要結(jié)構(gòu)
The important parts of the cervical spine include
頸椎的重要結(jié)構(gòu)包括：
· bones and joints
· nerves
· connective tissues
· muscles
· spinal segments
骨與關(guān)節(jié)
神經(jīng)
結(jié)締組織
肌肉
脊髓節(jié)段
This section highlights important structures in each category.
這一節(jié)著重講述每一類重要的結(jié)構(gòu)。
Bones and Joints
骨與關(guān)節(jié)
The human spine is made up of 24 spinal bones, called vertebrae. Vertebrae are stacked on top of one another to form the spinal column. The spinal column is the body’s main upright support.
人體脊柱由24塊稱為脊椎骨的骨構(gòu)成，它們上下堆疊形成脊柱。脊柱是人體直立的主要支撐。
頸椎由最上面的7塊椎體構(gòu)成。醫(yī)生常把它們稱作C1~C7。頸椎起于最上端的椎體（頸1），與顱底邊緣相聯(lián)結(jié)。頸椎有輕度向前的彎曲，終于頸7與胸段脊柱的最上端相連。
The base of the skull sits on top of C1, also called the atlas. Two thickened bony arches form a large hole through the center of the atlas. The opening is large because the spinal cord is wider where it first exits the brain and skull. Compared to other vertebrae, the atlas also has much wider bony projections pointing out to each side.
頭顱座落于第一頸椎之上。第一頸椎也稱作寰椎。寰樞的中心是由兩個(gè)增厚的骨弓形成的大孔。孔很大是因?yàn)榧顾鑿念^顱的大腦內(nèi)開始發(fā)出時(shí)較粗大。與其它脊椎骨相比，寰椎兩側(cè)的骨性突起更加寬大。
The atlas sits on top of the C2 vertebra. The C2 is called the axis. The axis has a large bony knob on top, called the dens. The dens points up and fits through a hole in the atlas. The joints of the axis give the neck most of its ability to turn to the left and right.
寰椎座落于第二頸椎上方。第二頸椎稱為樞椎。樞椎上方有個(gè)很大的骨性旋鈕，稱為齒狀突。齒狀突朝向上方，正好與寰樞的孔相匹配。頸椎左右旋轉(zhuǎn)的能力大部分由樞椎的關(guān)節(jié)來承擔(dān)。
Each vertebra is made of the same parts. The main section of each cervical vertebra, from C2 to C7, is formed by a round block of bone, called the vertebral body. A bony ring attaches to the back of the vertebral body. This ring has two parts. Two pedicle bones connect directly to the back of the vertebral body. Two lamina bones join the pedicles to complete the ring. The lamina bones form the outer rim of the bony ring. When the vertebrae are stacked on top of each other, the bony rings form a hollow tube that surrounds the spinal cord. The laminae provide a protective roof over the spinal cord.
每個(gè)脊椎骨由相同的結(jié)構(gòu)組成。從頸2到頸7，每個(gè)頸椎的主要部分由一個(gè)圓形的骨柱構(gòu)成，稱為椎體。椎體的后方附有一個(gè)骨環(huán)。骨環(huán)有兩部分，直接與椎體后方相連的為椎弓根，兩側(cè)的椎板與椎弓根相連構(gòu)成完整的骨環(huán)。椎板骨構(gòu)成骨環(huán)的外輪緣。當(dāng)椎體上下堆疊，骨環(huán)形成空心的管道圍繞著脊髓。椎板在脊髓后方提供屋頂狀保護(hù)。
A bony knob projects out at the point where the two lamina bones join together at the back of the spine. These projections, called spinous processes, can be felt as you rub your fingers up and down the back of your spine. The largest bump near the top of your spine is the spinous process of C2. At the base of the neck where the cervical and thoracic spines join together, you’ll feel another large spinous process. That’s C7.
兩側(cè)椎板在脊柱后方相連處形成向后的骨性突起，稱為棘突，當(dāng)你用手指在脊柱后方上下?lián)岚磿r(shí)能感覺得到。在脊柱最上方附近最大的隆起時(shí)頸2的棘突。在頸椎的底端，頸椎與胸椎相連處，可觸及另一個(gè)很大的棘突，是頸7棘突。
脊柱的每個(gè)脊椎骨朝向兩側(cè)有兩個(gè)骨性突起，左右各一，稱為橫突。在所有頸椎中，寰椎的橫突最寬。與其它節(jié)段的脊柱不同，頸椎的脊椎骨的每個(gè)橫突有個(gè)孔穿過，稱為橫突孔，為穿行于頸椎兩側(cè)為大腦后部供血的動(dòng)脈提供通道。
Between each pair of vertebrae are two joints called facet joints. These joints connect the vertebrae together in a chain but slide against one another to allow the neck to move in many directions. Except for the very top and bottom of the spinal column, each vertebra has two facet joints on each side. The ones on top connect to the vertebra above; the ones below join with the vertebra below.
每對(duì)脊椎骨之間有兩個(gè)關(guān)節(jié)稱為關(guān)節(jié)突關(guān)節(jié)。這些關(guān)節(jié)將脊椎骨聯(lián)成一條“鏈子”，但相互之間可滑動(dòng)，允許頸椎在各個(gè)方向上運(yùn)動(dòng)。除了脊柱最頂端和最底端，每個(gè)椎體在每一側(cè)都有兩個(gè)關(guān)節(jié)突關(guān)節(jié)。上關(guān)節(jié)突與上位脊椎相連，下關(guān)節(jié)突與下位椎體相連。
The surfaces of the facet joints are covered by articular cartilage. Articular cartilage is a smooth, rubbery material that covers the ends of most joints. It allows the ends of bones to move against each other smoothly, without friction.
關(guān)節(jié)突關(guān)節(jié)的表面有關(guān)節(jié)軟骨覆蓋。關(guān)節(jié)軟骨是覆蓋在關(guān)節(jié)端的光滑有彈性的材料，它允許骨端相互之間平穩(wěn)無摩擦地相互活動(dòng)。
在每個(gè)椎體的左右兩側(cè)，有稱作椎間孔的小通道。從每個(gè)椎體有兩根神經(jīng)從脊髓發(fā)出經(jīng)過椎間孔，左右各一。椎間盤（后述）位于神經(jīng)開口之前。膨出或疝出的椎間盤使開口狹窄，對(duì)神經(jīng)造成壓迫。關(guān)節(jié)突關(guān)節(jié)位于椎間孔的后方。從關(guān)節(jié)突關(guān)節(jié)長(zhǎng)出的骨刺會(huì)突入通道，使孔狹窄，頂壓神經(jīng)。
Nerves
神經(jīng)
The hollow tube formed by the bony ring on the back of the spinal column surrounds the spinal cord as it passes through the spine. The spinal cord is a similar to a long wire made up of millions of nerve fibers. Just as the skull protects the brain, the bones of the spinal column protect the spinal cord.
在脊柱后方由骨環(huán)構(gòu)成的中空管道在脊髓通過脊柱時(shí)圍繞其周圍。脊髓就好比由數(shù)百萬根神經(jīng)纖維組成的長(zhǎng)長(zhǎng)的電線。就象顱骨保護(hù)大腦，脊柱的骨保護(hù)脊髓。
The spinal cord travels down from the brain through the spinal column. Two large nerves branch off the spinal cord from each vertebra, one on the left and one on the right. The nerves pass through the neural foramina. These spinal nerves group together to form the main nerves that go to the limbs and organs. The nerves that come out of the cervical spine go to the arms and hands.
脊髓從大腦發(fā)出后在脊柱中穿行。脊髓在每個(gè)脊椎骨平面發(fā)出兩根大的神經(jīng)，左右各一。這些神經(jīng)穿過椎間孔。這些脊神經(jīng)合并成組形成支配四肢和器官的主要神經(jīng)。從頸椎發(fā)出的神經(jīng)支配頸部、胳膊和手。
Connective Tissues
結(jié)締組織
Ligaments are strong connective tissues that attach bones to other bones. (Connective tissues are networks of fiber that hold the cells of the body together.) Several long ligaments connect on the front and back sections of the vertebrae. The anterior longitudinal ligament runs lengthwise down the front of the vertebral bodies. Two other ligaments run full length within the spinal canal. The posterior longitudinal ligament attaches on the back of the vertebral bodies. The ligamentum flavum is a long elastic band that connects to the front surface of the lamina bones.
韌帶是連接骨與骨之間的堅(jiān)韌的結(jié)締組織。（結(jié)締組織是維系身體細(xì)胞的纖維網(wǎng)。）在脊椎骨前部和后部有一些長(zhǎng)的韌帶。前縱韌帶在椎體前方縱向排列。在椎管全長(zhǎng)有另外兩條韌帶。后縱韌帶聯(lián)結(jié)于椎體后方，黃韌帶是聯(lián)結(jié)于椎體骨前表面的長(zhǎng)長(zhǎng)的有彈性的束帶。
A special type of structure in the spine called an intervertebral disc is also made of connective tissue. The fibers of the disc are formed by special cells, called collagen cells. The fibers may be lined up like strands of nylon rope or crisscrossed like a net.
在脊柱有一特殊類型的結(jié)構(gòu)稱為椎間盤，也是由結(jié)締組織構(gòu)成的。椎間盤的纖維由特殊的細(xì)胞形成，被稱為膠原細(xì)胞。纖維象一股骨尼龍繩一樣排列，或象網(wǎng)一樣縱橫交錯(cuò)。
An intervertebral disc is made of two parts. The center, called the nucleus, is spongy. It provides most of the shock absorption in the spine. The nucleus is held in place by the annulus, a series of strong ligament rings surrounding it.
椎間盤由兩部分組成，中央部分稱為髓核，呈海綿狀，為脊柱提供大部分減震器功能。髓核由纖維環(huán)維系在位，它是一系列圍繞在髓核周圍的堅(jiān)韌的韌帶。
Muscles
肌肉
The anterior cervical area is covered with muscles that run from the rib cage and collar bone to the cervical vertebrae, jaw, and skull. The posterior cervical muscles cover the bones along the back of the spine and make up the bulk of the tissues on the back of the neck.
頸前區(qū)被覆走行于肋骨、鎖骨與頸椎骨、下頜骨、顱骨之間的肌肉。頸后區(qū)的肌肉覆蓋頸椎的后方，組成頸后區(qū)大部分組織。
Spinal Segment
脊髓節(jié)段
A good way to understand the anatomy of the cervical spine is by looking at a spinal segment. Each spinal segment includes two vertebrae separated by an intervertebral disc, the nerves that leave the spinal cord at each vertebra, and the small facet joints that link each level of the spinal column.
理解頸椎解剖的一個(gè)好辦法是觀察一個(gè)脊髓節(jié)段。一個(gè)脊柱節(jié)段包括兩個(gè)椎體和其間的一個(gè)椎間盤，在每節(jié)椎體有神經(jīng)從脊髓發(fā)出，小關(guān)節(jié)突關(guān)節(jié)連接每層脊柱。
The intervertebral disc separates the two vertebral bodies of the spinal segment. The disc normally works like a shock absorber. It protects the spine against the daily pull of gravity. It also protects the spine during heavy activities that put strong force on the spine, such as jumping, running, and lifting.
椎間盤將脊髓節(jié)段的兩個(gè)椎體隔開。椎間盤退常起減震器的作用。在對(duì)抗日常牽拉重力中保護(hù)脊柱，同時(shí)也在劇烈活動(dòng)時(shí)保護(hù)脊柱以減少作用于脊柱的強(qiáng)大作用力，例如跳躍、跑步和舉重。
The spinal segment is connected by a facet joint, described earlier. When the facet joints of the cervical spine move together, they bend and turn the neck.
脊髓節(jié)段由關(guān)節(jié)突關(guān)節(jié)相連（見前述）。當(dāng)頸椎關(guān)節(jié)突關(guān)節(jié)一起運(yùn)動(dòng)時(shí)，頸部屈伸旋轉(zhuǎn)活動(dòng)。
總結(jié)
Many important parts make up the anatomy of the neck. Understanding the regions and structures of the neck can help you be more involved in your health care and better able to care for your neck problem.
解剖上頸椎有很多重要的結(jié)構(gòu)組成。懂得分區(qū)和頸部的結(jié)構(gòu)有助于更重視頸椎保健，并能更好地應(yīng)對(duì)自己的頸椎問題。
Related Document: A Patient’s Guide to Cervical Spine Anatomy
相關(guān)閱讀：英漢對(duì)照：有關(guān)頸椎解剖的病人指南
相關(guān)視頻：
骨科小病不求醫(yī)050：頸椎解剖（Cervical Spine Anatomy）
骨科小病不求醫(yī)052：脊柱解剖（Spine Anatomy）
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