神學(xué)：[源自希臘語theos（神）和logos（理論、研究）]在亞里士多德那里，它是沉思第一本原或終極實體的第一哲學(xué)。在一般意義上，神學(xué)指一門學(xué)科，即設(shè)計對構(gòu)建一個宗教的那些教義、學(xué)說和實踐活動的解釋和辯護(hù)。每個宗教都有自己的神學(xué)，但在歐洲思想中，作為對基督教信仰作出理性說明的基督教神學(xué)具有重要的歷史地位，雖然猶太教和伊斯蘭教的神學(xué)著作也有很大影響，基督教神學(xué)進(jìn)一步分成多個二級學(xué)科，譬如：企圖提供包含在不同的圣經(jīng)文獻(xiàn)中的恰當(dāng)觀念“圣經(jīng)神學(xué)”；追溯基督教及基督教教會歷史發(fā)展的“歷史神學(xué)”；以把內(nèi)容廣泛的一系列基本的宗教信條整合成連貫整體為目標(biāo)的“系統(tǒng)神學(xué)”；涉及信條與行止相互作用的“實踐神學(xué)”。如果說宗教哲學(xué)的存在是批評這些學(xué)說，并評估它們的哲學(xué)意蘊(yùn)，那么，神學(xué)則是從內(nèi)部評判宗教，但扮演的角色與其說是評判者，不如說是發(fā)言人。然而，在如何解釋某種宗教成分的問題上，神學(xué)家們存在著各種爭論。神學(xué)以信仰為前提，并力圖通過運(yùn)用學(xué)究方法，獲得對上帝的認(rèn)識。它是尋求理解自身的信仰。在基督教中，它的目標(biāo)是服務(wù)于拯救。
“神學(xué)是‘神的科學(xué)’?！?div style="height:15px;">
——麥克斐爾遜：《宗教哲學(xué)》，1965年，第142頁。
theology
[from Greektheos, god + logos, theory, study] For Aristotle, first philosophy as thecontemplation of the fundamental principle or ultimate substance. In general,theology is a discipline that deals with the explanation and justification ofthe teachings, doctrines, and practices that constitute a religion. Eachreligion has its own theology, but in European thought, Christian theology hasthe greatest historical prominence as the rational account of Christian faith,although Jewish and Islamic theological writings have also had great influence.Christian theology is divided into many sub-disciplines, such as biblicaltheology, which tries to provide the precise ideas contained in the various biblicaldocuments; historical theology, which traces the historical development ofChristianity and the Christian Church; systematic theology, which aims atintegrating into a coherent whole a wide array of fundamental religiousbeliefs; practical theology, which deals with the interaction of belief and behavior;and philosophical theology, which applies philosophical methods in order toclarify religious concepts and presuppositions. While the philosophy ofreligion exists to criticize these doctrines and to assess their philosophicalimplications, theology assesses a religion from within and acts as a spokesmanrather than as a critic. There are nevertheless various debates amongtheologians about how to explain certain religious elements. Theology presupposesfaith and tries to acquire knowledge of God by employing scholarly methods. Itis faith seeking to understand itself. In Christianity, its goal is to servesalvation.
“Theology is‘the science of God’.”
McPherson, The Philosophy of Religion
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